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A comprehensive guide to the selection of raw material properties for fine chemicals

Ⅰ.sodium metasilicate

1.Physical and chemical properties

White crystalline powder. Easy to dissolve in water and dilute alkali solution; Insoluble in alcohols and acids. The aqueous solution is alkaline. Exposed to the air, it is prone to moisture absorption and deliquescence. The chemical formula is Na2SiO3. Melting point 1088 ℃, density 2.4 g/cm. Sodium metasilicate is easily soluble in water. It is chemically mixed with quartz and soda ash and melted together at 1000-1350 ℃ to form sodium metasilicate. The viscous aqueous solution of sodium metasilicate is called water glass, also known as sodium silicate. It can be used as a preservative, detergent, adhesive, fire retardant, waterproof agent, etc. It has functions such as scale removal, emulsification, dispersion, wetting, permeability, and pH buffering ability.

The usage conditions of sodium metasilicate can only be used when the pH value is greater than or equal to 12. When the pH value is less than 12, sodium metasilicate is prone to generate metasilicic acid in the solution, forming a precipitate that is insoluble in water.
2.Classification

(1) Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate
Physical and chemical properties:

Among the varieties of sodium metasilicate, the most commonly used and typical one is pentahydrate sodium metasilicate. The molecular formula of pentahydrate sodium metasilicate crystals is usually written as Na2SiO3 · 5H2O, which is actually a tetrahydrate of sodium dihydrogen orthosilicate with two cations. Its solubility (20 ℃) is 50g/100g water, and its melting point is 72 ℃. Five water sodium metasilicate has the general characteristics of sodium silicate and sodium metasilicate, and has a certain ability to bind calcium and magnesium ions, especially with a binding capacity for magnesium ions greater than 260mg MgCO2/g (35 ℃, 20min).

Main features:

1.Widely used in various washing industries. In the washing industry, such as ultra concentrated laundry detergent, laundry detergent, laundry cream, dry cleaning agent, fiber whitening agent, fabric bleaching agent, etc., it is also widely used as a metal surface cleaning agent, beer bottle, float solvent cleaning agent. After full dissolution, it can be used as a metal rust inhibitor, scale cleaning agent, electrical component cleaning agent, and can be used as a detergent in the food industry.

2. It can also be used as a mud consistency regulator and mud demulsifier in crude oil and natural drilling and mining engineering.

3. In the construction industry, it is used as a coagulant for preparing acid resistant mortar, acid resistant concrete, and cement.

4. In the paper industry, it can be used as an adhesive, ink stripping agent for waste paper, and surface treatment agent for paper.

5. As a printing and dyeing auxiliary and fabric pretreatment agent in the textile industry. 6. It can also be used as a filler for soap, detergent, egg preservative, as well as vegetation molecular sieve, silicic acid, and fire-resistant materials.

6. It can also be used as a filler for soap, detergent, egg preservative, as well as vegetation molecular sieve, silicic acid, and fire-resistant materials.

7.In the ceramic industry, adding sodium metasilicate pentahydrate to ceramic slurry can increase the surface negative charge of inorganic clay particles, utilize the charge repulsion effect to reduce the viscosity of ceramic slurry, and increase fluidity. This can improve efficiency and product quality in ceramic injection molding process

8.Sodium metasilicate pentahydrate is widely used in household laundry detergent and laundry detergent due to its excellent buffering alkalinity in detergent, anti-corrosion protection for light metals (aluminum, zinc, etc.), protective effect on glassware and porcelain, as well as its ability to suspend and emulsify dirt and soften water; It can also clean the external oil stains of the engine. Industrial detergent; Food cleaning agents; Metal cleaning agents; In terms of fabric treatment and paper de ink, it is an important additive for concentrated detergents, phosphorus free and low phosphorus detergents. In addition, it is also used in the ceramic industry and petroleum industry.

Mixing with other raw materials:

1.Sodium citrate
2.Sodium gluconate
3.Sodium polyacrylate
4.EDTA-4Na
5.Sodium hydroxide

Attention:

1.Inhalation or ingestion can cause acute poisoning symptoms similar to gastroenteritis, which can be fatal. Skin contact can cause dermatitis or dryness.

2. Exposure to high heat or contact with acid or alkali mist releases highly toxic smoke.

(2) Anhydrous sodium metasilicate

Physical and chemical properties:

Molecular formula: Na2SiO3 (Na2O. SiO2) is a white or light gray granular substance. Sodium metasilicate is a non-toxic and pollution-free white powder or crystalline particle that is soluble in water but insoluble in alcohols and acids. Its aqueous solution is alkaline and has the ability to remove scale, emulsify, disperse, wet, penetrate, and buffer pH values. Belonging to inorganic salt products, it is easy to absorb moisture and deliquescence when placed in the air.

Main purpose:

1. Washing powder detergent aid. ISS and 4A zeolite have complementary functions, and when mixed in a reasonable ratio, they can completely replace STPP in laundry detergent. It can not only produce ordinary laundry powder by spray drying as the pre ingredient, but also produce concentrated laundry powder by agglomeration as the base powder. The product has good liquidity, no agglomeration, no caking, and strong decontamination power.

2 laundry detergent and laundry detergent additives. Good compatibility with surfactants and bleaching agents, no hydrolysis, no precipitation.

3 meals of washing detergent. The oil absorption value is as high as 70%, and its ability to remove oil stains replaces that of hydrated sodium silicate (oil absorption value of 38%).

4 Industrial cleaning agents and additives. ISS is an important component of various cleaning agents such as metal cleaning agents, heavy oil cleaning agents, oil pipeline dredging cleaning agents, and bottle and bottle cleaning agents. It has strong cleaning power and anti-corrosion and rust prevention effects.

5. Clean the oil stains directly. ISS can be directly mixed into an appropriate concentration of aqueous solution without the need for surfactants to clean oil stains.

6. Ceramics, cement, refractory materials, and grinding aids. ISS has a unique effect of reducing coagulation and depolymerization, which can effectively shorten the fine grinding time, improve the strength of the embryo and cement grade in the production of ceramics, cement, and refractory materials.

7. Cement additives and dispersants for construction.

8. Electroplating rust removal and polishing agent, pH buffering agent.

9. Cotton yarn steaming, paper bleaching, fabric finishing agent.

10.Used as an adhesive and cement dispersant in oil, natural gas, and underwater drilling projects.

11 belongs to anti-corrosion and rust proof agents.

12 furnace maintenance, masonry adhesive.

13 special lubricants and additives for thixotropes.

14 glass reinforcing agent.

 

Ⅱ.Emulsification effect

Definition:

Emulsification is the process of dispersing a liquid into a second immiscible liquid. The largest type of emulsifier is soap, detergent powder, and other compounds, whose basic structure is a polar alkyl chain at the end. In the human body, bile can emulsify fat to form smaller lipid particles.

Emulsifier:

The phenomenon of two liquids that cannot dissolve together due to the action of surfactants is called emulsification phenomenon. Surfactants with emulsifying effect are called emulsifiers. Emulsification mechanism: After adding surfactants, due to their amphiphilic properties, they are easily adsorbed and enriched at the oil-water interface, reducing interfacial tension. Interface tension is a major factor affecting the stability of emulsions. Because the formation of emulsions inevitably increases the interfacial area of the system, which requires work to be done on the system, thereby increasing the interfacial energy of the system. This is the source of system instability. Therefore, in order to increase the stability of the system, the interfacial tension can be reduced, resulting in a decrease in the overall interfacial energy. Due to their ability to reduce interfacial tension, surfactants are excellent emulsifiers.

Emulsification mechanism:

Any additive that can reduce interfacial tension is beneficial for the formation and stability of emulsions. As the carbon chain grows, the decrease in interfacial tension gradually increases, and the emulsification effect gradually strengthens, forming a highly stable emulsion. However, low interfacial tension is not the only factor determining the stability of emulsions. Some low-carbon alcohols, such as pentanol, can reduce the interfacial tension between oil and water to a very low level, but cannot form stable emulsions. Some macromolecules, such as gelatin, may not have high surface activity, but they are excellent emulsifiers. The use of solid powder as an emulsifier to form a relatively stable emulsion is a more extreme example. Therefore, although reducing interfacial tension makes it easier for emulsions to form, simply reducing interfacial tension is not enough to ensure the stability of emulsions.

In short, the level of interfacial tension mainly indicates the difficulty of emulsion formation, and is not an inevitable measure of emulsion stability. Emulsifiers change the interface state, allowing two liquids, oil and water, which could not be mixed together, to mix together. One phase of the liquid disperses into many particles dispersed in the other phase, forming an emulsion.

 

Ⅲ.Additive class

1 Salt additive

(1) Inorganic salt additives, phosphates:

A. Sodium tripolyphosphate: It has a good cleaning effect on heavy oil pollution, with chelating, dispersing and emulsifying effects, corrosion inhibition and corrosion inhibition effects. Phosphates generally have a corrosive effect on copper and a corrosion inhibition effect on steel.

B. Sodium hexametaphosphate: a good additive for light oil stains.

C.Potassium (sodium) pyrophosphate; A good additive for heavy oil stains,

Silicates

Sodium carbonate: it can saponify oil and soften water, wet gel like oil and has good corrosion inhibition effect on PH value of solution. Environmentally friendly and harmless to human health during the cleaning process.

Sodium chloride: a good inorganic penetrant that can reduce the concentration of glue and has a good thickening effect.

Sodium sulfate: a good filler that can enhance the activity of surfactants.

Borax: soluble in water but with low solubility, soluble in propylene glycol, has the activity of enhancing surface activity, sterilization and corrosion inhibition.

Sodium hydroxide: It has a saponification effect on oils and fats. Sodium silicate: After dissolving in water, it forms water glass and is an efficient detergent that disperses oils and fats.

Trisodium phosphate: can be used as a water softener, detergent, metal rust inhibitor, boiler descaling agent, degreaser, and debonding agent.

(2) Organic salt additives

ETDA disodium, trisodium, and tetrasodium: Disodium and tetrasodium are widely used, with disodium being weakly acidic and tetrasodium being weakly alkaline. They can be used as chelating agents, mainly to chelate calcium and magnesium ions, improve surface activity, have good cleaning effects, can be used as rust inhibitors, have good solubilizing effects, and can reduce the concentration of glue.

Sodium citrate (ammonium): chelates ferrous and iron ions, has rust removal properties, and has good chelation effects on calcium and magnesium ions. It can replace trimerization as a non-toxic detergent additive.

Sodium gluconate: has a good rust removal effect, with a significantly better rust removal effect than disodium EDTA, but it is relatively expensive.

Organic phosphate: HEDP-4Na has the ability to chelate calcium, magnesium, iron, aluminum, and zinc ions, good cleaning effect, corrosive effect on copper parts, alkaline pH value greater than 12, strong alkalinity, and is a good degreaser.

Benzoate salt:

Sodium benzoate: has anti-corrosion and compatibilization effects.

Sodium dimethylbenzenesulfonate: has good compatibilization effect, but weak cleaning effect. The synthetic compatibilization effect is significant, such as triethanolamine, alcohol ether, etc.

Sodium polyacrylate: The disadvantage is that it easily precipitates in water and is not easily dispersed. Different molecular weights have different effects. It has a strong chelating effect, which helps to counteract the hardness of water and enhance the cleaning ability of detergents.

Oleic acid triethanolamine: It has good emulsifying properties and also has the ability to prevent mineral oil and plants and animals.

Citric acid: the largest acid in organic acids. As an additive, it can improve the performance of washing products, quickly precipitate metal ions, prevent pollutants from reattaching to fabrics, maintain necessary alkalinity, and can be used as a chelating agent.

Summary;

(1) The strongest chelating agent commonly used is EDTA

(2) The use of ABS is usually combined with sodium polyacrylate, which can greatly improve the performance of ABS.

(3)Sodium benzoate is the preferred reagent for use with rust prevention properties.

2 solvent additives

(1) Alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, and propylene glycol are commonly used as alcohol reagents, with ethanol and isopropanol having good permeation properties.

(2) Alcohol ether ethylene glycol ether and propylene glycol ether have good compatibilization and cleaning effects, and can improve cloud point.

(3) Alcoholamine monoethanolamine: with a pH value of about 11.5, it has the properties of cleaning, alkaline additives, and improving cloud point.

Diethylamine: with a pH value of about 11.9, it has the properties of cleaning, alkaline additives, and improving cloud point.

Triethanolamine: The most commonly used alcohol amine, with a pH value of about 10.7, has the properties of cleaning, alkaline additives, and improving cloud point. At the same time, it has the strongest cleaning power and has corrosive and chelating effects

(4)Ketones

 

Ⅳ.surface active agent

1 Category

(1) Anionic surfactant sulfonate:

1) ABS (Sodium Dodecylbenzenesulfonate):

Classification: Divided into two types: hard (containing branched chains) and soft (containing direct connections)

Hard ABS has good cleaning ability but poor biodegradability, while soft ABS has poor cleaning ability but good biodegradability

Usage: Mainly for household use, metal processing industry, used as degreaser, concrete industry, used as thickener

Attention: ABS is water-resistant, acid and alkali resistant. When used as a thickener, it should be heated

2) Alkyl sulfonates: have good biodegradability and are mainly suitable for household use

3) Sodium alpha olefin sulfonate (a mixture of vinyl and hydroxyl groups): has good biodegradability and is mainly used in household and kitchen applications

4) Fatty acid acetylsulfonate (not commonly used): Strong anti hard water ability, good hand feel, gentle on the skin

5) Secondary alcohol polyoxyethylene ether amber sulfonate is generally neutralized with ammonia water and triethanolamine

6) N-N-oleoyl sulfonate

7) Fatty amide sulfonate

8) BX Sodium Butyl Naphthalene Sulfonate (Pulling Powder)

9) Petroleum sulfonate: mainly used in rust proof oil

Phosphate salts:

1) Substitutes for alcohols:

Function: It has compatibility and dispersibility, and can be neutralized with sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, and amines

Characteristics: Mild to the skin, poor biodegradability, and good penetration ability.

Sulfate:

1) Fatty alcohol sulfate (AS)

2) Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether sulfate (AES): The combination of AES and AEC usually achieves good results

3) Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene sulfate K12 (sodium dodecyl sulfate)

4)Acyl glycerol sulfate ester

Carboxylate salt:

1) Soap C17H35COONa has anti foaming and defoaming effects

2) Sodium Alcohol Ether Carboxylate (AEC): Safe and environmentally friendly, with good biodegradability, it can be used as a compatibilizer and dispersant

3) Sodium lauroyl ammonium salt for shampoo civilian use

4) Sodium oleyl amino acid (Remy Bang) is used for silk and brocade robes, with minimal skin irritation

5) Lauryl alcohol polyoxyethylene ether ortho naphthalene dicarboxylic acid monoester sodium salt has good resistance to hard water, low foaming, and good capacity expansion

(2)Cationic surfactant

(3) Non-ionic surfactant

1) Characteristics: relatively soluble in water; Easy to clean; Easy to mix (both cationic and anionic nonionic surfactants can be mixed together, and the ratio of cationic surfactants to anionic surfactants is generally 4-50:1, which can increase the performance of cations)

2) HLB value has hydrophilic and oleophilic properties. When the HLB value is between 1-3, it has defoaming performance, when it is between 13-15, it has cleaning performance, and when it is between 11-15, it has wetting performance

3) Cloud point: When the active cloud point is close to the cloud point of a substance, its cleaning ability is the strongest.

4) Factors affecting the cloud point of substances include electrolytes, organic solvents, anions and cations, as well as amphoteric surface active polymers

5) Classification of Polyethylene Glycols:

A: Fatty alcohol polyoxyethylene ether

Emulsifier: FO, MOA, O-3

Cleaning agent: AEO-9

Penetrating agent: JFC

Performance: Strong cleaning power; Low temperature, low foam; Good biodegradation; O-9 has a capacity increasing effect

B: APEO (Alkylbenzene Polyoxyethylene Ether)

Characteristics: acid and alkali resistance;

Poor biodegradability compound: TX+AEO+AS (AES) has strong cleaning ability

Differences in OP, NP, TX applications:

Emulsification performance: Net permeability OP is greater than TX

Dispersion: TX is greater than OP

Cloud point and HLB value: OP is greater than TX

Foam property: OP is less than TX

Cleanliness: OP is less than TX

C: AE (fatty acid polyoxyethylene ester) for civilian use

D: FMEE (fatty acid methyl ester polyoxyethylene ether)

E: Polyether characteristics: good emulsifying performance; Good dispersion performance; Good lubrication performance; Good foam suppression and defoaming performance

F: Polyoxyethylene alkylamine

Polyols:

A: Dehydrated sorbic acid ester

Characteristics: Insoluble in water; Good dispersibility

B: Sucrose ester characteristics: acid and alkali resistance, good biodegradability, used for tableware and public facilities

C: APG

D: Alkyl alcohol amide (Ninal) is suitable for cleaning animal and vegetable oils, mineral oils and fats

Characteristics: foaming, stable foaming, thickening, rust prevention function

(4) Amphoteric surfactant

Special surfactants:

(1) F-C has a low surface tension (70-72) and a relatively high price, usually around 0.1%. It has strong cleaning ability and is less likely to stick to dust after cleaning. It is used in small quantities.

(2) - SI - Silicon carbon materials have defoaming properties

(3) Boric acid grease is mainly used for rust prevention and is not commonly used for cleaning. It is used as a lubricant and has less environmental pollution

(4) The surface activity of polymers

Mainly used for thickening effect

Classification of defoamers

(1) Lower alcohol

(2) Ethylene glycol butyl ether is commonly used as a substitute for alcohol ethers due to its effectiveness but toxicity

(3) Acid (silicic acid)

(4) Phospholipids (tributyl ester)

(5) Halogenated hydrocarbons

(6) Si silane defoamer

(7) Carbon-6 to carbon-12 also have defoaming properties

3 Characteristics of surfactants

(1) Emulsification effect

(2) Dispersing effect

(3) Wetting effect

(4) Thickening effect

(5)Defoaming effect
Summary;

1. Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: CMC, easily soluble in water, a good organic additive

2 . TX-10: It has good wetting, emulsification, dispersion, stain removal, anti-static, and hard water resistance properties, and can be mixed with various surfactants.

3. Nina;
6501 is easily soluble in water, with strong penetration and cleaning power, and has good thickening and rust prevention effects.

4 . AEO-7: soluble in water, with good wetting, emulsifying, dispersing, and foaming properties, high degreasing and surface tension reducing properties

5. Triethanolamine oleate: has good emulsifying properties and is resistant to animal, vegetable, and mineral oils

6. Polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ether (JFC)

7. Sodium citrate; It can replace sodium tripolyphosphate as a non-toxic detergent additive and has a good chelating effect on calcium and magnesium ions

8. 226SA (Super Non Ionic Surfactant): Similar to oil stains, it has excellent dynamic degreasing and cleaning capabilities, and has good emulsification and strong dispersion effects on oil stains and wax scales

9. 445N: Strong chelating effect, helps to counteract the hardness of water and enhance the cleaning ability of detergent and cleaning agents

10 . JFC penetrant: a non-ionic surfactant with fixed hydrophilic and oleophilic groups, which significantly reduces the surface tension of water and has emulsifying and washing effects

11. Triethanolamine: It can improve the removal of oil stains, especially non-polar sebum, and enhance alkaline cleaning performance

12 . ABS: Strong wetting and cleaning performance. Good foaming ability

13. AEO-9: Used as an emulsifier, stain remover, and detergent

14. AEO-3: It has good resistance to hard water for cleaning heavy oil stains, and is more effective when combined with ethanol, DBP, DBE, and JFC

15. Sodium silicate: After dissolving in water, it forms water glass and is an efficient detergent

16. QYL-290: Remove carbon deposits. Surface active agents specifically designed for dirt and carbon black

17. CP-5: Scale inhibition and dispersion performance, inhibition of solid deposition, and improvement of decontamination performance

18 . T-C6: Excellent impact resistance, outstanding solubility and stain removal ability

19. AEO-4: Has good emulsifying and dispersing properties for mineral oil and animal oil

20. D-Ningxi: Remove glue and rust. Has washing performance 21 trisodium phosphate: softener, detergent, metal rust inhibitor, boiler descaling and degreasing agent, debonding agent